• Glycogen synthase kinase GSK is an evolutionarily conserved

  2022-01-12

  

  Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays multifaceted role in diverse cellular and neurophysiological processes [8]. GSK-3β is regulated by inhibitory serine and stimulatory tyrosine phosphorylation on Ser9 and Tyr216 respectively [9]. Dy

• br Synthetic Antagonists for FFA To

  2022-01-12

  

  Synthetic Antagonists for FFA4 To date, only compounds from a single chemical series have been reported as FFA4 ‘antagonists’ (Table 1). ‘Compound 39’ (4-methyl-N-9H-xanthen-9-yl-benzenesulfonamide), now available from commercial vendors as AH-7614, was initially reported as an antagonist at this

• Adenosine triphosphatase ATP is a

  2022-01-12

  

  Adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) is a signaling molecule in acute pain and chronic pain(Burnstock, 2009, Burnstock, 2013, Burnstock, 2014, Chizh and Illes, 2001). It is also known that presynaptic A1 receptors are involved in the inhibition of transmitter release (Vizi and Knoll, 1976). Extracellular

• Obestatin synthetized mainly in the gastrointestinal tract

  2022-01-12

  

  Obestatin, synthetized mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, participates in the regulation of metabolic functioning at both central and peripheral levels (food intake, pancreatic activity or/and adipocytes proliferation) (Granata et al., 2008; Li et al., 2011). It is involved in the complex gut-bra

• However ghrelin has a short half life of min because

  2022-01-11

  

  However, ghrelin has a short half-life of 15–20 min, because it is a natural peptide containing 28-amino acids, its clinical usefulness as a therapeutic agent may be limited (Mosińska et al., 2017; Vestergaard et al., 2007). Hence, many efforts have been made to elucidate the smallest segment of ghr

• br Materials and methods br Results To examine the apoptosis

  2022-01-11

  

  Materials and methods Results To examine the apoptosis in FLS in vitro, we measured the number of Koumine in early apoptosis (Annexin V+, 7-AAD−) and late apoptosis/necrosis (Annexin V+, 7-AAD+) using flow cytometry after incubation with or without stimulating Fas antibody. In the absence of

• It is well established that transcription

  2022-01-11

  

  It is well established that transcription factors are the major key players in regulating the transcriptional state of the targeted gene. 15 TFs were found in the present study, which were predicted to have the binding affinity with the EZH2 promoter region. Out of these, GCF, AP-2 and Sp1 were most

• br References and recommended reading

  2022-01-11

  

  References and recommended reading Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: Introduction Male sexual maturation includes gonadal maturation, secondary sexual characteristics, and the attainment of reproductive capacity [1]. Male sexual di

• br Experimental section The parts

  2022-01-11

  

  Experimental section The parts of chemicals and regents, preparation of solutions, pre-treatment of the bare Au electrode, cell culture, cytotoxicity in vitro, cell imaging, characterizations, and electrochemical measurements are supplied in the S1 (See the Supplementary Information). The prepara

• br Materials and methods br Author contributions br Acknowle

  2022-01-11

  

  Materials and methods Author contributions Acknowledgments We thank members of the Skaar laboratory for critical evaluation of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, R01AI069233 (EPS), and T32GM008554-21 (LJL). Introduction Pseudomonas

• br Conclusion B esterases and reproductive

  2022-01-11

  

  Conclusion B-esterases and reproductive parameters can be used as effect biomarkers of the aquatic contamination with chlorpyrifos. In P. corneus exposed for 14 days to the insecticide, the carboxylesterases determined with p-NFB proved to be the most sensitive biomarker. However, exposure to env

• br Conflict of interest br Acknowledgements br

  2022-01-11

  

  Conflict of interest Acknowledgements A Class of Unconventional, Dimerization-Activated GTPases GTP-binding proteins, or GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate numerous cellular pathways 1, 2, 3, 4. Pioneering work on the extended Ras subfamily of GTPases, exemplified by Ras,

• Over the last few years experimental

  2022-01-11

  

  Over the last few years, experimental evidence for the involvement of Epac1 in cancer progression is beginning to emerge (Almahariq et al., 2015, Banerjee and Cheng, 2015, Parnell et al., 2015, Parnell et al., 2015, Schmidt et al., 2013). For example in melanoma cells, silencing of Epac1 attenuates

• Many studies have reported on the association

  2022-01-11

  

  Many studies have reported on the association between GST gene polymorphisms and pulmonary disorders but with controversial results [7]. In the present study, on comparing results of GSTP1 gene polymorphism among the studied COPD patient groups, it was found that heterozygote mutation was significa

• As disclosed in our preceding paper medicinal

  2022-01-11

  

  As disclosed in our preceding paper, medicinal chemistry SAR optimization of an HTS hit led to the discovery of , a potent and selective GPR119 agonist. This scaffold differs significantly from the ‘classical’ GPR119 pharmacophore, exemplified by the examples and (). Notably, bez235 lacks an essent

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